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非洲猪瘟是如何来到中国的？为什么被定为II级疫情？

发布时间：

2018-08-07 00:00

作者：

转自兽药资讯

猪的“噩梦瘟疫”

非洲猪瘟，顾名思义，是人们最早在非洲发现的一种危害养猪业的烈性传染病。它于1921年首次出现于非洲的肯尼亚[1]。这种病由非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus，ASFV)引起，可通过航班或港口废弃物、猪肉及其制品、野猪携带病毒和软蜱携带病毒等方式传播[2]。

非洲猪瘟病毒的“真身”（电镜照片）图片来源：Wikipedia

非洲猪瘟病毒自然感染的潜伏期一般为 4-19天。急性感染的猪多表现为食欲减退，高温（达40-42℃），挤成一团，心跳加快，呼吸困难，皮肤发绀和出血，偶尔会出现呕吐和腹泻。病毒主要在网状内皮细胞和单核巨噬细胞中复制，造成细胞凋亡，严重影响宿主的免疫系统[2-3]。临床症状出现后 7-10天内发生死亡，死亡率可高达100%。

它是如何来到中国的？为什么被定为II级疫情？

非洲猪瘟原来仅存于非洲大陆，直到20世纪中叶侵入欧洲，随后蔓延到南美和加勒比地区[4]。自2007 年以来，非洲猪瘟在全球多个国家发生、扩散、流行，特别是俄罗斯及其周边地区。

2017年3月，俄罗斯远东地区伊尔库茨克州发生非洲猪瘟疫情，疫情发生地距离我国仅为 1000km 左右[3]。因此，这次中国发现的非洲猪瘟，很可能从周边临国（如俄罗斯）传入的（具体详情参考官方后续的流行病学调查结果）。

非洲猪瘟病毒（ASFV）在欧洲的潜在传播途径

根据突发重大动物疫情的性质、危害程度、涉及范围，一般将突发重大动物疫情划分为特别重大（Ⅰ级）、重大（Ⅱ级）、较大（Ⅲ级）和一般（Ⅳ级）四级。

II级疫情的标准以高致病性禽流感为例：全县有3个以上乡镇发生疫情；或县内有20个以上疫点或者5个以上10个以下行政村连片发生疫情。

因为非洲猪瘟是首次传入我国，又具有传播途经广泛、对猪的致死率极高等特点，一旦疫情出现便难以控制，会对集约化养殖的猪场造成巨大的经济损失，因此被认定为II级疫情。

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