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我国畜禽养殖环境污染现状和原因分析

发布时间：

2018-10-25 00:00

作者：

亢文华

近年来我国畜牧业处于由传统散养模式向规模化、集约化饲养模式转变的阶段，畜牧业总产值逐年增加。规模化养殖的快速发展造成畜禽养殖废弃物产生量突增，2015年我国畜禽粪便产生量已达到60亿吨。近几年，虽然我国农业污染排放总量逐年递减，但畜禽养殖污染排放量占农业污染排放总量的比例却居高不下。畜禽养殖过程中产生的污水、粪便、饲料残渣等污染物堆积如山，无法得到科学、集中的处理，对生态环境造成的负面影响尤为严重。畜禽养殖污染威胁到了人类的健康，严重制约了我国畜牧业的可持续发展。

1、对水源环境的污染

对水源的污染主要来自于畜禽粪便和养殖场污水。目前，我国大多数养殖场的畜禽粪便处理能力不足，60%以上的粪便得不到科学处理而被直接排放，通过畜禽排泄物进入水体的COD 量已超过生活和工业污水COD 排放量的总和。畜禽粪便中含有大量的污染物，包括病原微生物、有机质、氮、磷、钾、硫元素等。随意堆放的粪便会经雨水冲刷排入水体，使水中溶解氧含量降低，水体富营养化，从而导致水生生物过度繁殖。畜禽粪便被过度还田后还会使有害物质渗入地下水，引发地下水中硝酸盐浓度超标，严重威胁人类健康。

2、对大气环境的污染

对大气的污染主要表现在两个方面：粪便大量堆积时，硫醇、硫化氢、氨气、吲哚、有机酸、粪臭素等有毒有害物质会经粪便腐败分解而进入大气环境中，为动物疫病的传播提供了有利条件，同时严重危害人类身体健康。二是畜禽饲养造成的温室效应。目前畜牧业是我国农业领域第一大甲烷排放源，也是全球排名第二的温室气体来源，人类活动产生的温室气体中，有15%左右来自于畜牧业。

3、对土壤环境的污染

对土壤的污染主要表现在畜禽粪便过量施用造成的土壤结构失衡和有害物质在土壤中的累积。规模化养殖的粪便排放量大，远远超出了土壤的承载能力，无法及时被消纳的粪便会造成土壤结构失衡，过度地还田施用还会导致土壤中的氮、钾、磷等有机养分过剩，从而阻碍农作物的生长。

目前，养殖场对饲料添加剂、抗生素的大量使用，使得畜禽粪便中重金属、药物、有害菌等物质残留，施用到农田土壤中会造成重金属和抗生素复合污染，严重威胁食品安全。相比羊粪和鸡粪，猪粪中的铜、锌、镉含量较高，分别为197 mg /kg、947 mg /kg、1. 35 mg /kg，更易造成土壤污染。

4、养殖环境污染原因分析

废弃物处理技术能力落后，使得养殖场粪尿污水等污染物即使经过处理也达不到排放标准。由于干清粪工艺对资金和技术的要求较高，目前我国只有部分大中型养殖场采用干清粪方式处理废弃物，而中小规模养殖场大多采用铲车、手推车式的人工清粪方式，粪尿、污水掺混且易随处散落，导致后续处理难度增加。此外，相当一部分传统养殖户仍在使用水冲粪、水泡粪的方式清理养殖场，这种传统方式不仅会使污染物浓度增高，还会产生大量污水。

此外，大多数养殖户只养不种、种植者只种不养，且农作物施肥时间和所需施肥量与养殖生产周期不匹配，这样的农牧脱节现象导致畜禽粪便无法被有效利用。在种养业各自为政的情况下，不仅会使养殖污染物得不到有效利用而造成资源浪费，还会使农作物的化肥施用量增加，给环境造成双重破坏。

在农村地区监管困难的大环境下，环保部门对畜禽养殖污染存在执法不严、监管不到位的现象。

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